Self-assembling assemblers and manipulators built from a set of primitive blocks

ABSTRACT

A machine that is capable of assembling a copy of itself from a feedstock of parts is described. The machine operates on a lattice or grid on which it is able to move and from which it receives power and control signals. The machine (assembler) is composed of modules that each perform some functionality. In the simplest case, only three module types are needed: a linear step module, a gripper, and an anchor. The linear step module is capable of moving from one lattice location to the next, the gripper module is capable of gripping other modules, and the anchor module is capable of attaching the machine to the grid. With these three primitives it is possible for this simple machine to move on the grid using inchworm-like motions, pick up other modules, and assemble a copy of itself.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.62/158,343, filed May 7, 2015, the entire disclosure of which is hereinincorporated by reference.

This invention was made with Government support under Grant No.W911NF-14-2-0063 awarded by the Army Research Office. The Government hascertain rights in the invention.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to robotic assembly, and more specificallyto self-assembling assemblers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Skidmore et al. have proposed a concept for an array of self-assemblingmicro-manipulators. They show exponential assembly through thesequential fan-out of manipulators assembling other manipulators andshow that in N steps the system can assemble 2^(N) manipulators. [G. D.Skidmore, E. Parker, M. Ellis, N. Sarkar, and R. Merkle, “Exponentialassembly,” Nanotechnology, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 316-321, September 2001.]This concept, however, requires pre-fabricated sheets of component partsand is not capable of making arbitrary structures. Pelrine et al. havedemonstrated a system in which many robots controlled in parallel canwork together to build structures. The system is comprised of asubstrate with carefully routed electrical traces and permanent magnet“robots” which levitate above the substrate and are controlled by acentral processor. [R. Pelrine, A. Wong-foy, B. Mccoy, D. Holeman, R.Mahoney, G. Myers, J. Herson, and T. Low, “SRI Robot Swarm,” 2012.] ANASA Institute for Advanced Concepts report details some concepts andguidelines for the design and development of self-replicating systems.[T. Toth-Fejel, “Modeling Kinematic Cellular Automata Final Report,” pp.1-74, 2004.]. Of these, the Moses Universal Constructor [M. Moses, “APhysical Prototype of a Self-replicating Universal Constructor,University of New Mexico, 2001] has come closest to physically realizinga self-assembling system but was limited because the feedstock wasoverly complex and did not allow for the construction of strong,scalable systems.

This invention describes a robotic assembler, a “robosome,” that canassemble almost anything, including itself.

The complexity and diversity of life is based on an inventory of justtwenty parts, the common amino acids, which are combined by the ribosometo create the range of molecular machinery. Their discrete constructionallows errors to be detected and corrected, global geometry to bedetermined by local constraints, and the scalability of ribosomes makingribosomes. This invention brings these attributes into regimes ofengineered materials that are not available in molecular biology.

This invention is accomplished by developing a basis set of buildingblocks that are inorganic analogs to amino acids. Instead of basic vs.acidic, hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic, . . . , these are conducting vs.insulating, ferromagnetic vs. ferroelectric, . . . . They are linked bymechanically reversible joints analogous to bonds, with a workflow todesign with them and plan their placement. The assembler is initiallyconventionally constructed, and then in stages its components will bereplaced with the parts that it's assembling. The assembler is essentialto this roadmap, and is itself a paradigmatic test case for theintegration of a functional system.

The outcome of the invention is digitized fabrication, analogous to theearlier digitization of communication and computation, by embodyingcodes in the construction of materials. Beyond the current focus inadvanced manufacturing on additive versus subtractive processes, thisinvention introduces a much more fundamental transition to assembly anddisassembly. Potential disruptive benefits include a radicalsimplification of material supply chains down to a small number offeedstocks, and the ability to exponentially ring up manufacturingcapacity on demand.

Benefits of building functional systems with assemblers that assembleassemblers include:

-   -   Saving time: the time for a product to go from component        vendors, to OEMs, to inventory, to delivery can be replaced by        production in the field.    -   Simplifying supply: large inventories and long supply chains to        remote locations can be replaced by assemblers fed by a standard        set of parts.    -   Rapid customization: because assembly is done on demand, what is        produced can be dynamically modified to match a mission.    -   Increasing integration: technology today is poorly integrated        across length scales; by spanning them with a common process,        size and weight can be reduced, and related capabilities        combined.    -   Eliminating waste: unneeded products can be disassembled to        their constituent components and reused, rather than disposed.    -   Adding capacity: because assemblers can be tasked to build other        assemblers, manufacturing capacity can be increased        exponentially rather than linearly to meet demand.    -   Adapting designs: by retaining assemblers as part of the systems        that they assemble, they can become reconfigurable to adapt to        dynamically changing requirements. Alternative approaches        include:    -   3D printing: This is currently receiving a great deal of        attention, but is limited in the range of properties compatible        with a multimaterial printing process. Expensive inks are needed        for good conductors, and semiconductors show poor carrier        mobility. The approach taken here can instead assemble elements        made from bulk electronic materials.    -   IC fabrication: Chip fabrication requires millions of dollars        for mask sets, billions of dollars for fabs, and turn times of        many months. The approach taken here does not aim to compete        with the incremental cost per chip following that investment of        time and money; it targets significantly reducing both the time        and cost for quickturn, lowrate production. Existing chip fab is        also limited to on the order of ten metal layers; the assembly        approach aims to significantly increase complexity with a        fundamentally three-dimensional process.    -   Electronics manufacturing: The pick-and-place machines used to        assemble circuit boards are two-dimensional and analog parts can        be placed in arbitrary locations on boards. The task of the        three-dimensional assembler to be developed is simplified by the        discretization of the material, quantizing the motion system to        relative displacements on a lattice. Also, part feeding is        simplified from large numbers of varying reels to small numbers        of standard shapes.    -   Reconfigurable robotics: This promises universal rather than        special purpose robots, but the smallest pitches have been on        the order of a centimeter, and the number of modules in the        range of tens to hundreds, limited by the demanding system        integration required. The assembler to be developed is a new        kind of reconfigurable robot, building modules out of, rather        than into, the primitive elements.    -   Materials genome: These initiatives have been something of a        misnomer, because they are more like recipes, cataloging how a        wide range of materials can be continuously combined to vary        their properties. The approach to be taken here is much more        like a genome, with a small set of basis components.    -   Self-assembly: the complexity that can be attained with        self-assembly is limited by diffusional time scales, error        accumulation, and an exponential difficulty in coordination.        Biological assembly, like this invention, is better understood        as coded rather than self-assembly, with messenger RNAs bringing        instructions, transfer RNAs bringing parts, joints being made in        the ribosome, and chaperones guiding folding.

This invention mandates revisiting decades of assumptions and historicalpractices about the nature of design representations, materialspecifications, manufacturing process planning, and machine and motioncontrol. The “robosome” assemblers are a new kind of relative robot,that functions as a part of the structure that it's assembling. Thisprocess will be reversible, replacing disposal with disassembly andreuse.

The most profound question posed by this invention is what the minimumrequirements are to bootstrap a technological civilization. Models forin-situ resource utilization typically recapitulate the stages of theindustrial revolution; this invention can instead be thought of as thetechnological equivalent of the evolution of the building blocks forlife. The results will be particularly relevant for operations inremote, resource constrained, and rapidly changing environments thatcannot assume existing support infrastructure.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The primary goal of this invention is to develop an assembler that canassemble itself out of the parts that it is assembling. This will berealized by developing engineering analogs to amino acids. The twentystandard amino acids are discretely combined to create the molecularmachinery in living systems, ranging from the motors in muscles, to thephotoreceptors in eyes, to the synapses in brains. Likewise, a set ofuniversal building blocks for engineered systems has been developedthrough this invention.

Just two part types, conducting and insulating, will replace the layers,traces, and vias in printed circuit boards, along with the connectors onthem and wiring between them. At a finer pitch, those same two parts areassembled into inductors and capacitors, which are then combined into RFmatching networks and antennas. A third resistive part type will beadded to assemble resistors with variable values, form factors, andcurrent capacities, replacing the roughly 500,000 resistor types in theelectronic inventory today. Semiconducting part types are added toassemble discrete and then integrated logic, flexural part types toassemble mechanisms, and magnetic and piezoelectric part types foractuation.

This discrete set of parts are linked by reversible joints. These arespatial analogs to digital codes, allowing global geometries to bedetermined by local constraints, placement errors to be detected andcorrected, and disassembly and reuse of the parts.

Three-dimensional interconnect and integrated circuits, and opticalmetamaterials are example uses of the invention. The invention can beused for manufacturing at the end of long supply chains, such as forreconfiguring spacecraft hardware.

The automated assemblers described herein are essential for realizingthis roadmap. They are constructed from conventional machine components,and then in stages are replaced by the parts being assembled. There isutility in shrinking feature sizes, with a larger assembler producing asmaller one. But the primary focus on assembling the assembler is forthe essential role that that plays in scaling. Rather than seekinglinear increases in assembly speed or parallel part placement, theultimate result will be an exponential increase in the number ofassemblers, like the exponential increase in the number of cells in abioreactor.

This invention encompasses an assembler that assembles assemblers. Theinvention can be understood as a “robosome,” a robotic ribosome. Likethe essential role of the ribosome in making all other proteins, theinvention is a universal machine to make machines, including itself.

The invention is based on “digital” materials which are reversiblyassembled from a discrete set of parts, with a discrete set of relativepositions and orientations [Digital Materials for Digital Printing, G.A. Popescu, N. Gershenfeld, and T. Mahale, D F 2006 InternationalConference on Digital Fabrication Technologies, Denver, Colo. (2006)]These attributes allow metrology to be local, so that an assembler canmake something larger than itself; errors to be detected and corrected,so that an assembler can make something more accurately than its ownpositioning; heterogeneous materials to be joined in a common process,and objects to be disassembled and reused rather than disposed. Theassembled structures can behave as bulk materials with effectiveproperties beyond those of existing materials [Reversibly AssembledCellular Composite Materials, Kenneth C. Cheung and Neil Gershenfeld,Science (341), pp. 12191221 (2013)].

Assembler primitives can be assembled from just four part types.Piezoelectric blocks are used in pairs to create a walking motion in thelinear motion axis. A microgripper, which can manipulate the blocks itis made of, is formed as a flexural linkage which amplifies theexpansion of the piezo actuators. A clamping device can be made whichcan secure the assembler to the lattice. With these three primitivefunctions, an assembler can be made that can move on a lattice, pick up,and place its own parts.

The heart of this invention is the development of engineering analogs toamino acids. A wide range of molecular machines, such as the motorproteins in muscles and the light-sensing molecules in the eye, are madefrom twenty common amino acids. Each contributes a fundamental property,like hydrophobicity versus hydrophilicity, that can be combined tocreate complex functions. They are built by the ribosome according toassembly sequences carried by messenger RNAs. Rather than being based onbiochemistry, the building blocks in this invention span the attributesof engineered materials, with again on the order of twenty parts types,including rigid and flexible, conducting and insulating, majority andminority carriers, and saturated and permeable magnetization. These aremechanically linked by reversible joints that serve as bonds.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an assembler composed of modular parts.

FIG. 2 shows a self-assembling assembler simulation.

FIG. 3 shows the assembler crawling on the grid above and placing partsbelow layer by layer.

FIG. 4A is a microgripper assembled from simple part-types.

FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional view of the microgripper of FIG. 4A.

FIG. 5 is an anchor module gripping attachment points on the grid.

FIG. 6A is detail of a linear translator actuator block (piezo bimorphdriven linear inchworm motor).

FIG. 6B is a cross-sectional view of the linear translator actuatorblock shown in FIG. 6A.

FIG. 7 shows the details of some of the block types.

FIG. 8A is a block diagram for a distributed architecture of parallelassembly.

FIG. 8B is a distributed architecture for parallel assembly.

FIG. 8C is a top view of the lattice of the distributed architecture ofparallel assembly.

FIG. 9 is the hierarchical decomposition of the assembled systems.

FIG. 10A depicts an assembler before placing a part.

FIG. 10B depicts the assembler of FIG. 10A with its gripper modulelowered to place a part.

FIG. 11 is a taxonomy of brick-types at each level of hierarchy.

FIG. 12 shows the hierarchy from parts to functions to modules tosystems.

FIG. 13 illustrates functional bricks from which mechanisms and roboticmodules can be assembled.

FIG. 14 illustrates a natural hierarchy enforced as blocks are assembledinto higher-level parts via a piezoelectric block.

FIG. 15A shows a cutaway of two leg-modules situated below abuild-stage.

FIG. 15B depicts a leg module in a retracted configuration.

FIG. 15C depicts a leg module engaged with a build-stage.

FIG. 16 shows robot composition.

FIG. 17A shows an assembled piezo linear actuator.

FIG. 17B shows how functions can be decomposed into constituent parts.

FIG. 17C shows the piezo linear actuator made up of its constituentparts.

FIG. 18 shows an alternate geometry for functional parts.

FIG. 19 shows a system assembled from hexagonal functional tiles.

FIG. 20 shows an envisioned system capable of assembling anotherassembler like itself.

FIG. 21 depicts parts feeders at the edge of the grid and a build-stagewith an additional degree-of-freedom to enable the assembly of arbitrary3D structures.

FIG. 22 shows an alternate arrangement allowing for the assembly of moreassemblers where another external z-axis is used.

FIG. 23A is a prototype of a larger scale version of the piezo linearactuator described in FIG. 17A.

FIG. 23B shows an enlarged section of a prototype of a larger scaleversion of a piezo linear actuator.

FIG. 23C depicts a microgripper prototype at a larger scale.

FIG. 24A shows a microgripper pickup test, as the microgripper is aboutto pickup an object.

FIG. 24B shows a microgripper pickup test, after the microgripper haspicked up an object.

FIG. 25 shows a transistor mounted onto a building block.

FIG. 26A illustrates a microstepper motor.

FIG. 26B shows the lattice on which the assemblers locomote.

FIG. 26C is a blown up diagram of a mobile assembler.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION

The invention describes a machine that is capable of assembling a copyof itself from a feedstock of parts. The machine operates on a latticeor grid on which it is able to move and from which it receives power andcontrol signals. FIG. 1 shows the assembler 102 composed of modularparts. The machine (assembler) 102 is composed of modules that eachperform some functionality. In the simplest case, only three moduletypes are needed: a linear step module 104, a gripper 108, and an anchor106 (FIG. 1). The linear step module 104, or linear actuator block 104,expands by one unit cell along its length and is capable of moving fromone lattice location to the next. The gripper module 108, or gripperblock 108 reversibly attaches to other blocks so they may be “picked”and “placed” and is capable of gripping other modules. The anchor module106, or anchor block 106, attaches to the grid on which the assemblercrawls, and is capable of attaching the machine to the grid. With thesethree primitives it is possible for this simple machine 102 to move onthe grid using inchworm-like motions, pick up other modules, andassemble a copy of itself (FIG. 2). FIG. 2 depicts a self-assemblingassembler simulation, and shows a feedstock of modules 202, an assemblergoing to pick up a block 204, an assembler placing a block 206, and anassembler being built 208.

These primitives enable locomotion and assembly on a two-dimensionalgrid. To enable three-dimensional assembly an alternative configurationmay be used in which the assemblers still locomote on a two dimensionalgrid but place parts layer by layer to build three-dimensionalstructures. In this embodiment, the assembler crawls on the underside ofthe grid and place parts below it (FIG. 3). In FIG. 3, the assembler 302crawls on the grid above and places parts 304 below layer by layer.

Initially the modules are built using conventional fabrication means(either subtractively or additively). Actuation may be accomplished, forexample, using electromagnetics, electrostatics, piezoelectrics, orthermally.

To scale the system both up in complexity and down in length-scale, themodules themselves are made from a feedstock of smaller, simpler parts(referred to as blocks). The feedstock of parts, for example, mayconsist of a structural block, a conductive block, a piezoelectricblock, and a flexural block. FIG. 4A illustrates how a micro-gripper 400module may be assembled from a feedstock of simple block-types. Themicrogripper 400 is made of conductive 402, piezoelectric 404, flexural406, and structural 408 parts. In this example, a compliant mechanism ismade through the strategic placement of flexural and rigid elements suchthat the expansion of the piezoelectric blocks at the base of themechanism are converted into a gripping motion at the tips. FIG. 4B is across-sectional view of the microgripper of FIG. 4A. An anchor module500 and a linear step module 600 are depicted in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6A,respectively. The anchor module 500 is gripping attachment points 504 onthe grid, and grips the lattice using a compressive force at multiplepoints 504 generated from the expansion of the piezoelectric blocks 502.FIG. 6A shows the detail of a linear actuator block 600 (piezo bimorphdriven linear inchworm motor). The linear step module 600 is a compliantlinear mechanism which moves relative to its base via the periodicexpansion and contraction of alternating sides of piezo bimorphactuators. FIG. 6B is a cross-sectional view of the linear translatoractuator block shown in FIG. 6A.

The blocks themselves may be either a single material or a composite ofmultiple materials. FIG. 7 illustrates some of the block-types infurther detail. Block types can be conductive 702, structural 712,piezoelectric 722, or flexural 732. Joints between the blocks are madewith interlocking geometric features. The conductive 702 and structural712 blocks provide four in-plane connections and are composed of asingle bulk material (e.g., fiberglass for structure and copper forconductivity). The piezoelectric 722 and flexural 732 block provide onlytwo in-plane connections and are composed of multiple materials in orderto achieve the desired functionality. In this embodiment, thepiezoelectric block 722 is made up of copper 724 and lead zirconatetitanate (PZT) 726, and the flexural block 732 is made up of fiberglass734 and nitinol 736.

FIG. 8A shows a block diagram for an embodiment of a distributedarchitecture of parallel assembly 800. In implementing the control ofthe system, it's desirable to have a central processor 802 containinglogic 803 and power 804 responsible for coordinating the many assemblers810 to enable the parallel assembly of a single structure. In a specificimplementation, a centralized “build queue” may represent all of theparts that need to be placed. When an assembler 810 is done with itsprevious task, it pulls a new job or part from this centralized buildqueue and executes a specific task (e.g., place a gripper module 808 atx=40, y=50). This central processor 802 may also be responsible for thecontrol of the individual actuators 806 or anchors 809 within anassembler 810 or it may hand-off that control to a sub-processor 807onboard each assembler (FIG. 8A). Because the system is based oncentralized control through the grid 805 and assemblers take discretesteps on a known lattice 805, it can be run without any closed-loopfeedback. The position of the assemblers 810 on the grid 805 is knowndeterministically from the history of movement/control commands sent tothem.

FIG. 8B shows a distributed architecture for another embodiment ofparallel assembly 850. Each assembler 852 is a simple machine with onlya few degrees of freedom and is capable of carrying a single part andmoving from one lattice location 856 to the next. The assemblers 852receive power and control instructions from the substrate that theylocomote on. At the edge of the substrate, magazines store a feedstock854 of different part-types. A global z-axis raises the build-platformas each layer is populated by the mobile assemblers 852. FIG. 8C is atop view of the lattice of the distributed architecture of parallelassembly 850.

FIG. 9 shows the hierarchical decomposition of the assembled system. Thehierarchical decomposition of the assembled systems is analogous of theprimary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of proteins. Atthe top level of the hierarchy is the system 902, composed of severalmicrogrippers 904. The global z-axis 906 raises the build-platform aseach layer is populated by the mobile assemblers. At the second level ofthe hierarchy are the modules 912, including a walking leg module 914.Depicted at this level is a leg motion sequence 916. At the third levelof the hierarchy is the function 922 of the module, which can include apiezo shear actuator 924. At the bottom of the hierarchy is a part 932,which is a piezoelectric element 934.

FIG. 10A depicts the assembler before placing a part, while 10B depictsthe assembler with its gripper module lowered to place a part.

FIG. 11 is a taxonomy of brick-types at each level of hierarchy. Parts1102 can be mechanical (including structural, flexible, and/orexpanding—e.g., thermal, piezoelectric), electrical (includingconductive, insulating, and/or resistive), semiconducting (includingN-type, P-type, N+ type, and/or P+ type), or magnetic (including soft,hard, and/or ferromagnetic). Functions 1104 can be mechanical-passive(including revolute, prismatic, and/or spring), mechanical-active(including bending, shearing, longitudinal, and/or transverse),electrical-passive (including conducting, insulating, resistive,capacitive, and/or inductive), or electrical-active (includingtransistor and/or diode). Modules 1106 can be motion constraint(including large disp. linear and/or large disp. revolute), motiongeneration (including walking, inching, and/or gripping), electronic(including digital—logic, flip flop, latch, oscillator and/oranalog—boost, op-amp). Systems 1108 can be mechatronic (including linearaxis, rotary axis, micro-gripper, and/or assembler) or computing(including sequencing, sampling, processing, and/or memory).

FIG. 12 depicts the hierarchy from parts (1202) to functions (1212) tomodules (1222) to systems (1232). In this case, item 1202 shows how alinear piezo actuator function is assembled from conductive and flexuralparts. Item 1212 is the linear piezo actuator which deformslongitudinally when voltage is applied to it. Item 1222 shows a walkingleg module (similar in function to the item labeled “walking leg module”in FIG. 9) which is constructed from many piezo actuators (as well asother functional parts). Finally, item 1232 is showing a section/cutawayof an alternate assembler configuration wherein the leg modules (item1222) are used to move a linear degree-of-freedom. The assembly of partsin the upper section of item 1232 is a new module being assembled andthe assembly of parts below that is the walking leg module (item 1222).Importantly, the arrow between item 1222 and item 1232 is pointing pointto the leg module rather than the part being assembled.

FIG. 13 shows functional bricks. The invention focuses on thedevelopment of functional bricks from which mechanisms and roboticmodules can be assembled. These bricks include functions such as hingejoints, actuation, conductivity, and structure. Item 1302 is a piezolinear actuator. Item 1304 is a double-hinge joint or “shear joint”which allows a shear and rotational degree-of-freedom. Item 1306 is adisplaced/deformed version of item 1304. Item 1308 is a rotary hingejoint. Item 1310 is a displaced/deformed version of item 1308. Item 1312shows how the functional bricks interlock.

There is a natural hierarchy enforced as blocks are assembled intohigher-level parts, which then become blocks to assemble evenhigher-level functionality. In FIG. 14, a piezoelectric block 1402 is apart of a large-displacement linear actuator mechanism 1404, which is,in turn, part of a walking leg mechanism 1406, which, in turn, is partof an assembler stage 1408.

It's possible to use multi-scale parts with features that connect partsof different sizes. This enables sparsity in the lattice where densityis not needed and increases potential build speed. To estimate assemblyspeed, assume 1k×1k×1k addressable volume elements, comparable to thedynamic range of a typical 3D printer. With a part placement rate of 1kHz, comparable to the drop frequency in ink-jet printing, it wouldrequire 11 days to fill this volume. Two approaches will be used toaccelerate this. The first recognizes that, like video coding, what'sbeing transmitted to the assembler is not a random pattern. There's anatural hierarchical decomposition of a design into larger blocks withrepeated properties. The analog of a pyramidal coder is multi-scaleparts, with mating features across length scales. A 100:1 compressionratio reduces the build time to a few hours, comparable to typical 3Dprinting.

Through the arrangement of the functional bricks, more complexmechanisms can be assembled. For example, FIG. 15A-C illustrates awalking motor which moves the stage above it through the sequentialfiring of a series of piezo actuator bricks. FIGS. 15A-C show the samewalking leg module 1222 depicted in FIG. 12. FIG. 15A shows a cutaway oftwo leg-modules 1222 situated below a build-stage (on which newmodules/systems are built). FIG. 15B depicts the leg module in itsretracted configuration. FIG. 15C depicts the leg module 1222 engagedwith the build-stage 1502. The leg modules 1222 work by synchronouslywalking the build-stage 1502 to the left or right (looking at FIGS.15B/C) such that one leg is always engaged (FIG. 15C).

FIG. 16 shows that these mechanisms can then be composed to form robotswhich are themselves capable of assembling the parts they are made outof.

FIGS. 17A-C shows the assembly of functional bricks. Through thedevelopment of robots with fine placement capabilities, the functionalbricks themselves may be assembled from even more primitive singlematerial building blocks. FIG. 17A-C show the same piezo linear actuatordescribed by items 1202 and 1212 of FIG. 12. Expansion of the piezobricks vertically creates an amplified deformation of the part,horizontally. This is showing how functions can be decomposed intoconstituent parts (in this case conductive, flexural, piezo, andinsulating). FIG. 17A shows an assembled piezo linear actuator. FIG. 17Bshows how functions can be decomposed into constituent parts. FIG. 17Cshows the piezo linear actuator made up of its constituent parts.

FIG. 18 shows an alternate geometry for functional parts. Item 1802 is abasic insulating/structural part. Item 1804 is a revolute joint. Item1806 is a piezo linear actuator (which functions the same as FIG.17A-C). Item 1808 is an isometric view of the same part showing that theconnections between parts are made with conductive press-fit socketswith both a male and a female end (item 1810).

FIG. 19 shows a system assembled from the hexagonal functional tiles.With these primitives, a large stroke linear actuator with motionconstrained by a linear flexure stage can be assembled (item 1906). Item1902 depicts the large stroke linear actuator with motion unconstrainedby a linear flexure stage. In this case, piezo actuator blocks (whichare centrally located in the system) cause the linear motiondegree-of-freedom to deform and engage with a toothed profile (item1904). This could be used as the clutch in an inchworm drive mechanism,for example. Item 1908 is a blown up pivot section of the large strokelinear actuator with motion constrained by a linear flexure stage shownby item 1906.

FIG. 20 shows an envisioned system capable of assembling anotherassembler like itself. It is composed of four identical linear actuatorblocks 2002, enabling it to move on a grid 2004 in X and Y and also pickand place blocks with its Z axis. Each block 2002 has a microcontrollercoordinating the motions. Power and control is sent through the grid2004 that the assemblers latch into and operate on. FIG. 21 depicts thisenvironment including parts feeders 2006 at the edge of the grid 2004and a build-stage 2008 with an additional degree-of-freedom to enablethe assembly of arbitrary 3D structures. FIG. 22 shows an alternatearrangement (blocks 2002, grid 2004, parts feeders 2006, build stage2008) allowing for the assembly of more assemblers where anotherexternal z-axis 2010 is used.

FIGS. 23A-C show module prototyping. FIG. 23A is a larger scale versionof the piezo linear actuators described in FIG. 17A, for example. Ituses a conventional piezo stack actuator and houses it in a stainlesssteel flexure mechanism made using wire-edm. The flexure mechanismamplifies the stroke of the piezo stack by 20×. FIG. 23B shows anenlarged section of a prototype of a larger scale version of a piezolinear actuator. FIG. 23C depicts a microgripper prototype, again at alarger scale. The same amplifying mechanism is used to increase thestroke of the piezo actuator but in this case produce a displacement ofgripper tips. FIG. 24A shows the microgripper pickup test, as themicrogripper 2402 is about to pickup an object 2404. FIG. 24B shows themicrogripper pickup test, after the microgripper 2402 has picked up anobject 2404. FIG. 25 shows a transistor 2502 mounted onto a buildingblock 2504 reflecting another geometry.

FIG. 26A-C shows a mobile assembler model. FIG. 26A illustrates amicrostepper motor. FIG. 26B shows the lattice on which the assemblerslocomote. FIG. 26C is a blown up diagram of a mobile assembler, showingthe bearing surface 2602, solenoid 2604, gear/foot 2606 and microsteppermotor 2608. The rotary crawler has two controlled degrees of freedom andtwo one-bit actuators 2604. The assembler locomotes by clamping one foot2606 to the substrate, releasing the other, and swinging about theclamped foot 2606. The one-bit actuators are solenoids 2604 that alloweach foot 2606 to clamp or release from the substrate. Microsteppermotors 2608 are used to provide controlled rotation of the body.

While the above specification and examples provide a description of theinvention, many embodiments of the invention can be made withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is to beunderstood that the foregoing embodiments are provided as illustrativeonly, and do not limit or define the scope of the invention. Variousother embodiments are also within the scope of the claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus that assembles itself from afeedstock of parts as building blocks, the apparatus operating on alattice or grid on which it moves and from which it receives power andcontrol signals, comprising: one or more linear step actuation modulesthat move from one lattice or grid location to the next; one or moreanchor modules that attach the apparatus to the lattice or grid; one ormore gripper modules that grip the one or more linear step actuationmodules, the one or more anchor modules, and the parts from thefeedstock of parts; and wherein the feedstock of parts is located in abuild queue or magazine on or near the lattice or grid, and consists of:one or more structural blocks, each having four in-plane connections andare composed of a first single bulk material, one or more conductiveblocks, each having four in-plane connections and are composed of asecond single bulk material, one or more actuator blocks, each havingtwo in-plane connections and are composed of multiple materials, and oneor more flexural blocks, each having two in-plane connections and arecomposed of multiple materials; and wherein the one or more linear stepactuation modules, the one or more anchor modules, and the one or moregripper modules are built from parts from the feedstock of parts thatinterlock with one another via their respective in-plane connections,and form a hierarchical assembly of functions, modules, and systems; andwherein the lattice or grid comprises a central processor, logic, andpower for sending the power and control signals to the one or morelinear step actuation modules, the one or more anchor modules, and theone or more gripper modules via a substrate of the lattice or grid. 2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more gripper modulescomprise tips, and are composed of flexural and rigid elements coupledto one of the one or more actuator blocks such that a gripping motion atthe tips is formed when the one of the one or more actuator blocksreceives electrical potential, and whereby the one or more grippermodules reversibly attach to other blocks so they may be picked andplaced.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more anchormodules grips the lattice or grid using a compressive force at multiplepoints generated from the expansion of the one or more actuator blocks.4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more linear stepactuation modules moves relative to its base via the periodic expansionand contraction of alternating sides of a plurality of one or moreactuator blocks, and expands by one unit cell along its length.
 5. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more linear step actuation,gripper, and anchor modules enable locomotion and assembly on atwo-dimensional grid.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatusenables three-dimensional assembly through a plurality of assemblerslocomoting on a the two dimensional lattice or grid that place the partstaken from the feedstock of parts layer by layer vertically in a thirddimension by gripping the parts.
 7. The apparatus of claim 6, whereinthe apparatus crawls on the underside of the lattice or grid and placesthe parts below it by gripping the parts, wherein the parts are takenfrom the feedstock of parts.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein eachof the one or more linear step actuation, gripper, and anchor modules isbuilt using conventional fabrication means, either subtractively oradditively.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or moreactuator blocks are electromagnetic or piezoelectric.
 10. The apparatusof claim 9, wherein the one or more actuator blocks are piezoelectricblocks and the piezoelectric blocks are made of copper and leadzirconate titanate (PZT).
 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein thestructural, conductive, actuator, and flexural blocks consist of acomposite of multiple materials.
 12. The apparatus of claim 1, whereinthe first single bulk material is fiberglass for structure, and thesecond single bulk material is copper for conductivity.
 13. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more flexural blocks is made offiberglass and nitinol.
 14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the partsrespectively provide the functions of hinge joints, actuation,conductivity, and structure.
 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein theparts comprise joints, said joints are made with interlocking geometricfeatures.
 16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the parts are reusableafter disassembly.
 17. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or moreanchor modules are motion constraint modules; the one or more linearactuator modules are motion generation modules and the one or moreactuator blocks are electronic modules, wherein the motion constraintmodules are large displacement linear or large displacement revolute,the motion generation modules are walking, inching, or gripping, and theelectronic modules are digital or analog, and wherein the digitalmodules are logic, flip flop, latch, or oscillator, and the analogmodules are boost or op-amp.
 18. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein thefunctions are mechanical-passive, mechanical-active, electrical-passive,or electrical-active, and wherein the mechanical-passive functions arerevolute, prismatic, or spring, the mechanical-active functions arebending, shearing, longitudinal, or transverse, the electrical-passivefunctions are conducting, insulating, resistive, capacitive orinductive, and the electrical-active functions are transistor or diode.19. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the parts are mechanical,electrical, semi-conducting, or magnetic, and wherein the mechanicalparts are structural, flexible, or expanding, wherein the expandingparts are electromagnetic or piezoelectric, the electrical parts areconductive, insulating, or resistive, the semi-conducting parts areN-type, P-type, N+ type, or P+ type, and the magnetic parts are soft,hard, or ferromagnetic.
 20. An apparatus that assembles itself,comprising: a grid or lattice base; one or more linear step actuationmodules that move from one location to a next location on the grid orlattice base; one or more anchor modules that attach the apparatus togrid the or lattice base; one or more gripper modules that grip the oneor more linear step actuation modules, the one or more anchor modules,and others of the one or more gripper modules; one or more partsfeeders, positioned at a location on or near the grid or lattice base;and a build-stage attached to the grid or lattice base with anadditional degree-of-freedom to enable the assembly of three-dimensional(3D) structures; wherein the one or more linear step actuation modules,the one or more anchor modules, and the one or more gripper modules arebuilt from parts from a feedstock of parts that interlock with oneanother via in-plane connections, and form a hierarchical assembly offunctions, modules, and systems; and wherein the grid or lattice baseincludes a central processor, logic, and power for sending power andcontrol signals to the one or more linear step actuation modules, anchormodules, and gripper modules via a substrate of the grid or latticebase.
 21. An apparatus that assembles a copy of itself on a lattice froma collection of building blocks available to the lattice from afeedstock of parts located on or near the lattice, the apparatusoperating on the lattice on which it moves and from which it receivespower and control signals, the apparatus comprising: one or more linearsteppers constructed to move the apparatus stepwise along the latticefrom a first location on the lattice to a second location on thelattice; one or more grippers on the lattice constructed to grip andplace building blocks on the lattice; one or more anchors on the latticeconstructed to attach the apparatus to the lattice; wherein the one ormore linear steppers, the one or more grippers and the one or moreanchors are themselves constructed of blocks from the collection ofbuilding blocks; wherein the collection of building blocks includesstructural blocks, conductive blocks, actuator blocks, and flexuralblocks; and wherein the one or more steppers, the one or more grippersand the one or more anchors cooperate to produce a replica of theapparatus on the lattice; a processor electrically attached to thelattice that feeds control signals to the one or more linear steppers,the one or more grippers and the one or more anchors via the lattice,wherein said control signals control production of said replica of theapparatus.
 22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the one or moregrippers includes at least two tips, and is composed of structuralblocks, conductive blocks and flexural blocks coupled to one or moreactuator blocks such that a gripping motion at the tips occurs when theone or more actuator blocks receive an electrical potential, and wherebythe grippers releasably attach to blocks from the collection of buildingblocks so they may be picked and placed.
 23. The apparatus of claim 21,wherein the one or more anchors includes a plurality of structural,conductive, flexural and actuator blocks constructed so that thestructural blocks grip the lattice with compressive force at multiplepoints caused by expansion of the one or more actuator blocks when theone or more actuator blocks receive an electrical potential.
 24. Theapparatus of claim 21, wherein the one or more linear steppers includesa plurality of structural, flexural, conductive and actuator blocks andis constructed to move one unit cell on the lattice via the periodicexpansion and contraction of the actuator blocks on alternating sides ofthe stepper.
 25. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the apparatusenables three-dimensional assembly through a plurality of assemblerslocomoting on two dimensional lattice that place blocks layer by layerin a third dimension.
 26. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein theconductive and structural blocks provide four-in-plane connections andare each composed of a single bulk material.
 27. The apparatus of claim26, wherein the single bulk material is fiberglass for the structuralblocks, and copper for the conductive blocks.
 28. The apparatus of claim21, wherein the actuator and flexural blocks provide two in-planeconnections.
 29. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the actuator blockis a piezoelectric block and the piezoelectric block is made of copperand lead zirconate titanate (PZT).
 30. The apparatus of claim 21,wherein the flexural block is made of fiberglass and nitinol.
 31. Theapparatus of claim 21, wherein blocks from the collection of buildingblocks can be combined to form functional bricks, and wherein thefunctional bricks can be combined to form functional modules.
 32. Theapparatus of claim 31, wherein the one or more linear steppers, grippersand anchors are functional bricks.
 33. The apparatus of claim 31,wherein said functional bricks include joints with interlockinggeometric features.